Pakistan Security Concern

                 Pakistan Security Concern

What are Pakistans security concerns after 51 years of independence

Three wars, two border conflicts and dismemberment of the country by India. Pakistan inherited Britains role and responsibilities in the Northern and Western portions of British India and across the long border with Afghanistan. This prevented a Muslim consensus from developing in the region and activated to some extent the Pak-Afghan border to the West while the Eastern border with India was already hostile requiring our undivided attention and deployment of our limited military resources.

A side from being a Muslim majority state which by all canons of justice and the rules formulated by the British for the partition of India, should by right have been a part of Pakistan, J&K is of considerable strategic importance and vital for the survival of Pakistan. The Soviet Army occupation of Afghanistan in December 1979 created an alarming situation for the security of Pakistan.

What is security?

 A thing deposited or pledged as a guarantee of the fulfillment of an undertaking or the repayment of a loan, to be forfeited in case of default.

 What is national security?

It is a concept that a government, along with its parliaments, should protect the state and its citizens against all kind of "national" crises through a variety of power projections, such as political power, diplomacy, economic power, military might, and so on. The concept developed all in the United States after World War II.

 Geo strategic location of Pakistan and its security concerns.

Unique geo-strategic location of pakistan besides offering numerous advantages at times poses certain short to long term threats. In the perspective of next two to three years our nation may encounter the following threats.

 1. Terrorism,Extremism and fundamentalismue to persistent destabilization in north-western border due on going war on terror and likely repercussions of Us-Nato post withdrawal situation in Afghanistan;terrorism,extremism and fundamentalism may witness surge if not adequately addressed.

 2.  Foreign policy challenges: Due to crisis over the issue of Iran's nuclear programe pakistan may face tough policy options especially IPI gas pipeline implementation.Due to US policy of containment of china, pakistan being its close and time-tested friend will have to encounter the tough regional and international policy concerns.

3. Kashmir. The lingering issue of kashmir due to its non-resolution may escalate bilateral relations with india on one pretext or the other

. 4. Climate change impact. Natural disasters from the northern areas in the form of torrential rains, excessive glacial melting causing floods pose serious threats to Pakistan.

 Security concerns with India.

India as a nation-state has always remained concerned about its security. As security is always contextual and situational can only be defined and ensured keeping in view time and space. It keeps on changing with the change of context. In this research exercise, a modest attempt is made to look at India's national, regional and global security concerns apart from its prospects in the future. For the convenience of readers, the paper is divided into seven parts ranging from introduction to conceptual riddle: from national to regional security concerns; from global security concerns to its prospects in the future, and the last part contains the concluding observations. Throughout this paper, the effort has been to examine India's security concerns in the long run and in broader perspective.

Security concerns with Afghanistan.

 Home World Respect Pakistan’s security concerns, its role in Afghanistan: China tells US China and Pakistan consider each other "all-weather friends" and have close diplomatic, economic and security ties.

 China’s Foreign Ministry defended its ally Pakistan earlier this week after President Donald Trump said the United States could no longer be silent about militants using safe havens on Pakistani soil.

 On Monday, Trump committed the United States to an open-ended conflict in Afghanistan, signalling he would send more troops to America’s longest war and vowing “a fight to win”. He insisted that others – the Afghan government, Pakistan, India and NATO allies – step up their own commitment to resolving the 16-year conflict, but he saved his sharpest words for Pakistan.

 On Monday, Trump committed the United States to an open-ended conflict in Afghanistan, signalling he would send more troops to America’s longest war and vowing “a fight to win”. He insisted that others – the Afghan government, Pakistan, India and NATO allies – step up their own commitment to resolving the 16-year conflict, but he saved his sharpest words for Pakistan.

Pakistan Iran strategic and security ties.

Iran–Pakistan relations Page issues After Pakistan gained its independence in August 1947, Iran was the first country to recognize its sovereign status. Iran supported Pakistan in its conflicts with India, while Pakistan in turn supported Iran militarily during the Iran–Iraq War in the 1980s. 

Pakistan's relations with Iran grew strained at times due to sectarian tensions, as Pakistani Shias claimed that they were being discriminated against under the Pakistani government's Islamisation programme.

CAUSES

 Dysfunctional political system

There appears to be no end in sight to Pakistan’s latest political crisis that erupted out of the sit-in launched in mid-August in Islamabad. Political crises are nothing new; in fact, they are the norm in Pakistan. So what is different this time? Two political groups, one led by cricket-star-turned politician Imran Khan leading the Pakistan Tehrik-e Insaf (PTI) and the other by the Canadian-citizen cleric, Tahirul Qadri’s Pakistan Awami Tehrik (PAT) have occupied the main streets of Islamabad and have surprised most observers by their sustainability. Their demands are clear: recount in several constituencies because of alleged rigging in the last election and resignation of Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif because he engineered such rigging. Both parties want an overhaul of the electoral system as well as the political system that allow for such rigging and corruption. They have also accused Sharif of bribing politicians, journalists and judges. They have even named individuals without evoking any threats of legal action.

Unplanned Modernization.

 Modernization is the current term for an old process,the process of social change whereby less developed societies acquire characteristics common to more developed societies. The process is activated by international, or intersocietal, communication.

Sense of Alienation

Alienation describes the feeling that you're not part of a group. Your political views might cause you to feel a sense of alienation from the rest of your family, or your vegetarianism could result in alienation from your meat-eating friends. The Latin word for alien is alienus, "belonging to another."

Media's Pole

Media Pole is a 12-meter tall integrated street facility offering ubiquitous high-tech services and digital content. 22 Media Poles are installed at 35-meter intervals along the 760 meters of Gangnamdaero (Road), stretching from Gangnam Subway Station to Kyobo Tower Crossroads. Media Pole features public transportation information, such as a subway map and bus routes, as well as a built-in camera.

Political. A Business

 Political business cycle. A business cycle that results primarily from the manipulation of policy tools (fiscal policy, monetary policy) by incumbent politicians hoping to stimulate the economy just prior to an election and thereby greatly improve their own and their party's reelection chances.

Religious Disharmony.

That is, major blame for religious oppression in Pakistan, contrary to the conventional account, lies not with the weak and ineffective state that is unable or unwilling to protect minorities, but with much of Pakistani society that refuses to extend religious freedom to others even as they themselves seek its benefits abroad.

Rise of non state actors

 Non-state actors of the extremist Islamist variety are among the major threats to world peace at the current time as these forces — largely cultivated during the anti-Soviet Afghan War in the 1980s — are now uncontrollable.

Illiteracy

With a population of 170 million, Pakistan bears the burden of one of the most illiterate countries of Asia. About half of the male population is illiterate and two third of the female population can’t even write their names. Generally, the degree of matriculation classifies a person as being literate.

Foreign interference.

Disagreement over the sale of eight F-16’s to Pakistan still continues in the US, with the US Congress now discussing the possibility of cutting additional subsidies to secure the release of Shakil Afridi. Donald Trump also chimed inunnecessarily on the issue last Friday as he is wont to do, and stated that he would force Pakistan to secure the release. Obviously this comment did not go down too well with the government, and Chaudhry Nisar's firm response is for once, not out of place. Pakistan is a sovereign country, and another country cannot force it to release one of its own for crimes committed against the state.

judicial system

The judicial system of pakistan

The judicial system generally maintain a steady growth and gradual advance towards consolidation and improvemet,without indeed having to undergo any major disruption or substantial change.

The system experienced and passed through 3 distinct stages of historical development,namely,Hindu Kingdom Muslim Rule and British Colonial Administration.

Muslim period

The Muslim Period in the indian Sub-continent roughly begins in the 11th century.During the perod of muslim rulers,the islamic law generally held the field and remained the law of the land in settling civil and criminal disputes.

These courts had defined jurisdiction in civil,criminal and revenue matters and operated under the authority of the king.The king was the head of judicial administration and he made all appoinments to judicial posts.

All the village level,the hindu system of panchayats was retained.At the town level,there existed courts,Presided over by Qazi-e-Parganah.

British Period

The east india company was authorised by the charter of 1623 to decide the cases of its English employees .The company,therefore,established it own courts.The President and council of the company decided all cases of civil or criminalnature.

Supreme Court

It is the court of ultimate appeal and therefore the final arbiter of law and the constitution.The court consists of a Chief Justice and other judges,appointed by the President.

The number fixed at the moment is chief justice and 16 judges.A human Rights Cell has been established in the court.

High Courts

Each High Court consists of a chief justice and other puisne judges.The strength of Lahore high court is fixed at 60,high court of Sindh at 40,Peshawar High court of at ,high court of Baluchistan at 11 and Islamabad High Court at 7.

Federal Shariat Court

The court consists of 8 Muslims Judges includind the chief justice.For appoinment of chief justice however,the most senior judge of the Fedral Shariat Court is excluded from the composition of the commission.

Judicial Decision Making

Q What is Judicial Decision Making?

Ans:Judicial Decision Making is a formalized process whereby decisions are made by the presiding officers of courts,seized of the settlement of a dispute between two parties.

Judgment

The word "Judgment"we may make a reference to Black's law Dictionary which defines it as the official and authentic decision of a court of justice upon the respective rights and claims of the parties to an action or suit therein litigated and submitted to its determination.

Amendments to the constitution of 1973

1-Redefined the boundaries and removed references to East Pakistan.

2-Provide that cheif justice of Supreme court will be retired at the age of 65 and High court Judges at the age of 62 years.

3-Enables the prime Minister to obtain a vote of confidence of the people of Pakistan.

4-Allowed members of parliament to be dismissed if they defect.

5-Bill to impose Shariah law as Supremw law of land ,was never passed

6-For Free and Fair Electiona.

7-For speedy Trial Military court to deal with terrorism.

8-Fixed the interval period between sessiona of the National Assembly ti not exceed 130 days.

external and internal

Pressures on journalists

In this chapter we consider the ways in which journalists are tempted to go against their ethical standards. We also consider ways to resist these temptations. Journalists are professional people, trying to work within a code of professional ethics. As we saw in the last chapter, this includes the need to be fair to all parties involved in any news story. However, journalists cannot operate in a vacuum, doing what they think is right without pressures being put on them. Journalists face pressure from a variety of sources, all trying to make the journalist behave in a way which is not the way the journalist would choose. It is important that you try to resist all these forms of pressure, as f7ar as possible. Of course, you will sometimes fail. This is an imperfect world, and journalists are also imperfect. Nevertheless, you should always try to resist the kinds of pressure which we shall discuss in this chapter. Employer Your employer pays your salary. In return, they expect to say how you will do your job. This can lead to ethical problems for journalists. If you work for a government-owned news organisation, then your government will be your employer. This could make it very difficult for you to report critically on things which the government is doing. Ministers will often put pressure on public service journalists to report things which are favourable to the government (even when they are not newsworthy) and not to report things which are unfavourable to the government. They can enforce public service discipline, to make journalists do as the government wants. This is especially difficult to resist in small developing countries, where there may be little or no alternative employment. Authority Both government-owned and commercial news media may face pressure from authority - the government, the police, customs, or some other branch of authority. Governments can threaten, or make, laws to force all news media to be licensed. This would give them power to grant licences only to those news organisations which please the government. Even the threat to introduce such legislation may be enough to frighten journalists, and to make them afraid of criticising the government too much. Many people think they can avoid bad publicity by threatening journalists with violence, or with legal action. Such threats should always be resisted (unless you are advised by a lawyer that you are legally in the wrong). Junior journalists should always report any threat which they have received to their editor. Bribes Journalists do not usually earn big money. You may therefore be vulnerable to bribery - somebody offering money (or goods or services) in return for a favourable story being written, or an unfavourable story being ignored. To accept a bribe is dishonest. Your honesty is like virginity - it can only be lost once. Once you have accepted a bribe, you can never again be trusted as a professional person. Gifts and freebies Commercial companies sometimes try to buy journalists' friendship by giving them small presents or by giving them the opportunity to travel at the company's expense (sometimes called freebies). Often this travel is legitimate. An airline which is introducing a new route to and from your country may well offer you a free seat on the first flight. You will then have the opportunity to write from first-hand experience about the service and about the destination. If the airline is confident that its service is good, and that the destination is interesting, they will be satisfied that whatever you write will be good publicity for them. Family In many societies, a person's first loyalty is to members of their extended family, or clan, or tribe. This is expected to take priority over all other loyalties, including their loyalty to the ethical standards of their profession. Thus, a doctor who saved the life of a traditional clan enemy could meet with disapproval from his own relatives. Journalists, too, face conflicts of loyalty like this. It may not only be pressure from your family, clan or tribe; it may also be from members of a club or association or church to which you belong. For young journalists in small societies, this is often the hardest kind of pressure to resist. They understand that they should have a loyalty to their professional ethics, but deep down they are certain that they must not offend the family. To do so, and to be cut off from the family, would be unthinkable. Personal conviction Journalists may come under pressure from their own strong beliefs. For example, a journalist who is deeply opposed to capital punishment may be writing a story about crime. In the course of gathering the information, they may interview somebody who calls for the death penalty as the answer to increasing crime. The journalist may be tempted not to report these comments, and to leave the question of capital punishment out of the story. This would clearly be unethical. It is as bad to censor the news to suit your own views as it is to censor the news to please your family, or clan, or tribe. This is contrary to the most fundamental principle of free speech - that we may disagree with what somebody says, but that we must fight to defend their right to say it. See Chapter 57: Fairness for a fuller discussion of this principle. AJA CODE OF ETHICS Respect for truth and the public's right to information are fundamental principles of journalism. Journalists describe society to itself. They convey information, ideas and opinions, a privileged role. They search, disclose, record, question, entertain, suggest and remember. They inform citizens and animate democracy. They give a practical form to freedom of expression. Many journalists work in private enterprise, but all have these public responsibilities. They scrutinise power, but also exercise it, and should be accountable. Accountability engenders trust. Without trust, journalists do not fulfil their public responsibilities. MEAA members engaged in journalism commit themselves to Honesty Fairness Independence Respect for the rights of others 1.  Report and interpret honestly, striving for accuracy, fairness and disclosure of all essential facts.  Do not suppress relevant available facts, or give distorting emphasis.  Do your utmost  to give a fair opportunity for reply. 2.  Do not place unnecessary emphasis on personal characteristics, including race, ethnicity, nationality, gender, age, sexual orientation, family relationships, religious belief, or physical or intellectual disability. 3.  Aim to attribute information to its source.  Where a source seeks anonymity, do not agree without first considering the source’s motives and any alternative attributable source.  Where confidences are accepted,  respect them in all circumstances. 4.  Do not allow personal interest, or any belief, commitment, payment, gift or benefit, to undermine your accuracy, fairness or independence. 5.  Disclose conflicts of interest that affect, or could be seen to affect, the accuracy, fairness or independence of your journalism.  Do not improperly use a journalistic position for personal gain.   6.  Do not allow advertising or other commercial considerations to undermine accuracy, fairness or independence. 7.  Do your utmost to ensure disclosure of any direct or indirect payment made for interviews, pictures, information or stories. 8.  Use fair, responsible and honest means to obtain material.  Identify yourself and your employer before obtaining any interview for publication or broadcast.  Never exploit a person’s vulnerability or ignorance of media practice. 9.  Present pictures and sound which are true and accurate.  Any manipulation likely to mislead should be disclosed. 10.  Do not plagiarise. 11.  Respect private grief and personal privacy.  Journalists have the right to resist compulsion to intrude. 12.  Do your utmost to achieve fair correction of errors. Guidance Clause Basic values often need interpretation and sometimes come into conflict. Ethical journalism requires conscientious decision-making in context. Only substantial advancement of the public interest or risk of substantial harm to people allows any standard to be overridden. Other useful codes can be found at: The Philippines Press Institute The Canadian Association of Journalists (CAJ) The British National Union of Journalists (NUJ) The International Federation of Journalists (IFJ) website has links to a Declaration of Principles on the Conduct of Journalists. Journalism.org, the Pew Center's Project for Excellence in Journalism has links to several industry and professional codes, mainly in the US. Ethicnet has links to codes of ethics and practice for most European countries but be warned, some of them come from countries where independent media are suppressed and the codes are used by governments to constrain journalists. With a similar warning, Medialaw.com gives several codes of ethics for Asian countries. Finally, Al Jazeera provides an example of how a media organisation can develop a sophisticated professional code of ethics for its journalists. TO SUMMARISE: Live by the ethical standards of your profession; resist all forms of pressure to lower your standards Report any threats, bribes or other secret pressure to your editor Do not sell yourself for a gift or freebie Avoid reporting stories in which you have family interests or other loyalties