Hypothesis of Hypodermic Theory

                         Hypothesis of Hypodermic Theory

1) People in mass society lead isolated lives because of their origin based on different society and culture.

·         The message flow is always from sender to receiver or top to bottom. The Theory was not based on empirical findings. It rather, employed assumptions of the time about human nature.

2) Human being has same way of responding against stimuli like all others animals.

·         The audience is passive and susceptible and is easily influenced by the message which might not be true every time. But the reactions of people differ. Some people can be passive whereas some people might not believe in media. The all society members react same to listen or seen information like forest animals when a hunter hunts any animal.

3) Because of the uniform instincts people attend the events and messages in a similar way.

·         The study showed that the pattern was affected by media in minimum amount but was more affected by interpersonal communication. Studies show that media has selective influence on mass. All peoples attend the messages in same way no difference which media or opinion leader say the people believe and doing same way.

4)  People receive and react about mass media message in a similar way.

·         The theory is not taken as empirical (verifiable by observation or experience rather than theory or pure logic).they has no different from each other’s peoples response in a same way. A less difference can but more difference in not possible in receiving a message and about react.

5)  He massage bullet strike every ear and eyes and result the some             change in thought behavior

•    ^{There are many media options with the growth of media outlets today. The     theory is not applicable in today’s world.The massage of the leader influence on the thinking of the audience. Factors such as attitudes, beliefs, education and living  situation determine whether a person will accept a message from the media. Still, in spite of the media’s overwhelming presence in society, the biggest source of information and influence in a person’s life continues to be interpersonal relationships.}

writing for the web

                               Writing For The Web

In this lecture we will try to learn about the effective rules of writing for websites, where these points are necessary to know firstly;

1. Treat your web visitors like wild animals
2. Put your most important information first
3. Don’t try to be clever or creative
4. Write for scanners
5. Use familiar words
6. Write for lazy people
7. Expect people to arrive anywhere on your website
8. Make it easy for hunters to find you
9. Make a visual impression

1. Treat your web visitors like wild animals

Your website visitors behave like wild animals. They’re hunting for information or a product to buy – just like a hungry panther hunts for his next meal.When a panther sniffs a scent trail he quickly decides: will the scent trail lead to a good meal? And will it be an easy catch?Your web visitors consider the same two things: Does your website offer what they’re looking for? And can they find it easily?
A hungry panther doesn’t like wasting time to catch a meal. And your web visitors don’t want to browse around your website for several long minutes to find the product they’re after. They want to find it quickly.Just like the panther makes a fast decision whether to follow a scent trail or not, your web visitor decides quickly whether your site is useful or not. So if your site looks complicated with a lot of options to choose from, they click away to check out another website.

2. Put your most important information first

Writing for the web is completely different from writing an essay or a paper.An essay might go like this: First, explain what you’re going to discuss. Then, present an overview of the literature. Next, discuss; and finally draw your conclusion. The most important point you make is in the conclusion – at the end of your essay!
On web pages you have to do the opposite: you’re most important points always come first.Information that’s most important to your web visitors is often a simple statement of what you do. Once they understand what you do, they might want to know some important details. And then – maybe they’d like to know some background information.
Journalists call this way of writing the inverted pyramid. In newspaper articles the most newsworthy information comes first before details and background information. Even if you only read the first paragraph of a newspaper story you still understand the big picture.It’s the same on your website. Your customers want to know the big picture first. Basically: What do you do? Or what can you do for them?

3. Don’t try to be clever or creative

On the web it’s rare that a reader hangs on to every word you write. He doesn’t have time. He’s in a hurry because he could check out several other scent trails – websites – instead of wasting time trying to figure out what you do.Simple statements often work best.Clever phrasing requires people to think. And asking people to think, doesn’t work on the web because web visitors are hunting – they don’t have time to think. So keep your web copy as simple as possible.Write as if you’re writing for a 12-year old because that makes your copy easy-to-follow. And be careful with jokes unless you’re absolutely sure your target audience will get them.

4. Write for scanners

How many people read web pages?Research suggests that only 16% of people read web pages word-for-word. Most people scan. How can you write for scanners? A check list:

 Does your headline communicate what you’re about?
 Does your image caption communicate a sales message?
 Do your sub headlines summarize your key points?
 Do easy-to-scan bullet points reduce wordiness?

Your web visitor is hunting for information or products. Ensure he can understand your most important information by just glancing at your web page.

5. Use familiar words

Imagine you want to fly to Bangkok for a holiday and you’re looking for a cheap flight. What will you search for: a cost-effective flight, a low-fare, or a cheap flight to Bangkok?Nobody searches for cost-effective flights. As Google’s Keyword Tool shows cheap is what people are looking for:Most people search for cheap flights

Carewords are the words people are looking for. We often like to make ourselves sound better than we are. We try to embellish what we do. We try to sound scientific, fancy or special. But your web visitor is looking for familiar words – carewords – because they’re the scent trail that tells him he’s in the right place.

6. Write for lazy people

Just like the lazy panther looks for an easy catch for his dinner, your web visitor doesn’t want to make an effort to read your text.
Make your copy easy to read:
 Use short paragraphs – four sentences max;
 Use short sentences – twelve on average;
 Skip unnecessary words;
 Avoid jargon and gobbledygook
 Avoid the passive tense;
 Avoid needless repetition;
 Address your web visitors directly. Use the word you;
 Shorten your text.

7. Expect people to arrive anywhere on your website

People usually read a book from chapter one, via chapter two to three and four etc.Now, imagine people pick up a book and start reading somewhere completely at random. Possibly at the beginning of the last chapter, maybe in the middle of chapter three, or at the last page of chapter one.
That’s what the web is like. Most web visitors will not start reading at your home page. They may arrive on any of your web pages.

If each web page can be an entry page what does that mean?
 Each page should be easy to scan;
 Each page should clarify to people where they are; and what your site is about;
 Each page should have a call to action telling people where to go next – to read another blog post, sign up for your email newsletter, check out a detailed product description or testimonial, request a quote or add a product to a shopping cart.

8. Make it easy for hunters to find you

Potential customers are hunting for information or products.

How can you help them find you?
 Answer the questions potential customers are asking;
 Discuss one key topic for each page;
 Include links to relevant pages on your own website or to other websites;
 Use phrases and words your potential customers are looking for.

9. Make a visual impression

Web copy and web design should work together.You can’t write your words, you can’t compose your sentences, you can create your bullet points, without considering how your web page will look.The visual appeal of your website impacts the readability of your text; and influences whether web visitors can quickly get what you’re about.

How to increase the visual appeal of your web copy:

 Replace text by photographs or videos;
 Consider different font sizes – think about people scanning large text first;
 Emphasize quotes of customers (or experts) to add credibility;
 Play around with highlights, bold text, CAPS, or italics;
 Break a long headline into a headline with a sub headline;
 Change paragraphs into bullet points.

RE-CAP 
TIPS FOR WRITING WEB CONTENT

• Use the words your users use.
• Chunk your content.
• Front-load the important information.
• Use pronouns.
• Use active voice.
• Use short sentences and paragraphs.
• Use bullets and numbered lists.
• Use clear headlines and subheads.
• Use images, diagrams, or multimedia
•  Use white space.
• Always start with keyword research for SEO.
• Always hyperlink to your sources

RE-CAP 
RULES FOR WRITING EFFECTIVE WEB CONTENT

1) Know your reader
2) Take a publishing approach
3) Keep content short and simple
4) Write active content
5) Put content in context
6) Write for how people search
7) Write great headings
8) Write great summaries
9) Write great metadata

10) Edit. Edit. Edit.

Education in Pakistan

                   Education  in pakistan 1947 to 2017

Pakistan achieved independence from over a century of British colonial rule in August 1947. The colonialperiod did witness some progress in education. However, the progress was largely limited to whatemerged as India. The regions comprising Pakistan were relatively backward in all respects, including ineducation. 
At independence, 85 percent of the population was illiterate and in the more backward regionsof the country, e.g., Balochistan, the literacy rate was even lower, with the rate for rural women thereinbeing virtually zero.
Close to two-thirds of the population and over 80 percent of rural women are still illiterate.More than a quarter of children between the ages of five and nine do not attend school. And for those who do, the quality of education is seriously wanting. One 1994 study conducted arithmetic and Urdu language tests to grade-3 school children in Lahore and found that only 33 percent of students in government schools passed both the tests. 
The sametest conducted in 1996 to test grade-3 students in 5 districts in Punjab found that only 22 percent of thestudents in government schools passed both the tests. The same test adminsitered to the teachers did notelicit an encouraging result either.
 This paper outlines this process from the education conference in 1947to the education policy presented in 1998.  

Quaid message in National Education Conference: 
19472 One of the first attempts in the field of education and literacy was the National Education Conference in 1947. The Quaid-e-Azam, in his message to the Conferences said: "... the importance of education and the type of education cannot be over-emphasized ... there is no doubt that the future of our State will and must greatly depend upon the type of education we give to our children, and the way in which we bring them up as future citizens of Pakistan ... we should not forget that we have to compete with the world which is moving very fast in this direction."

At the time of first census in 1950 the overall literacy in Pakistan is 14%.

In musharaf era
Although literacy in Pakistan has grown by about 13% during President Mushsarraf's rule to about 56%, it still remains woefully low when compared to its neighbors. 
However, Pakistanis now spend more time in schools and colleges and graduate at a higher rate than their Indian counterparts in 15+ age group, according to a report on education
Pakistan's primary schooling rate of 21.8% is slightly higher
Pakistan's combined graduation rate at all three levels is 45.7%

Education ranking in different regions:

Islamabad – 

The Federal Capital is atop both the provincial/regional rankings, as well as the district rankings for the first time with increased learning and enrollment scores.

Punjab – 

Punjab remains consistent in both the education and school infrastructure rankings. The survey found that over 93 percent of schools in the province had all four facilities available, rendering their schools more complete than other provinces.

AJK – 

Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK) has consistently performed above the national average for the past four years in Education Score.

FATA –

 The Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) and Balochistan round-up the bottom of the provincial rankings.

Gilgit-Baltistan – 

Districts from Gilgit-Baltistan (GB) continuously appear in the top half of the rankings. With 50 percent of its school facilities not available, GB, like AJK, succeeds with relatively high Education Scores.

KPK –

 Khyber Pakthunkhwa (KPK), although remaining stagnant on fifth rank, is below the national average, with a slightly reduced Education Score. But 50 percent of its schools still do not have any of the four basic facilities available (electricity, drinking water, toilet and boundary wall).

Sindh – 

Sindh remained stagnant at the sixth rank in educational score. It only managed to get six districts in the top half of the rankings, with none in the top 40. School infrastructure is no better with a score below 50.

The quality of education remains the biggest challenge for Pakistan, as there are only moderate improvements in the score of learning outcomes – last year from 52.33 to 54.78 this year. The evidence from Islamabad, Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa demonstrates that strong political commitment can translate into improved education outcomes.  The overall evidence from across the country however remains stark – and suggests that Pakistan will need dramatically more political commitment, in all parts of the country, to secure a decent future for its children.

Problems in Education

Following are the problems in education in Pakistan.

         1.    Education System is based on Unequal Lines

The educational system of Pakistan is based on unequal lines. Medium of education is different in both, public and private sector. This creates a sort of disparity among people, dividing them into two segments.

          2.    Regional Disparity

Regional disparity is also a major cause. The schools in Baluchistan (The Largest Province Of Pakistan By Area) are not that much groomed as that of Punjab (The Largest Province Of Pakistan By Population). In FATA, the literacy rate is deplorable constituting 29.5% in males and 3% in females.

          3.     Ratio of Gender Discrimination

The ratio of gender discrimination is a cause which is projecting the primary school ratio of boys & girls which is 10:4 respectively. For the last few years there has been an increase in the growth of private schools. That not only harms the quality of education but creates a gap among haves and has not.

4.    Lack of Technical Education

The lack of technical education is a biggest flaw in the educational policy that has never been focused before. Therefore, less technical people mean less.

          5.    Funds

The allocation of funds for education is very low. It is only 1.5 to 2.0 percent of the total GDP. It should be around 7% of the total GDP.

          6.    Untrained Teachers

The teachers in government schools are not well trained. People who do not get job in any other sector, they try their luck in educational system. They are not professionally trained teachers so they are unable to train a nation.

          7.    Poverty

Poverty is also another factor that restricts the parents to send their children to public or private schools. So, they prefer to send their children to madrassas where education is totally free.

Recently, minister of education announced a new Education policy for that next 10 years. The interesting thing is that the previous educational policy from 1998 to 2010 is still not expired. Although it is projected to give new plans and to make more promises with the nation. It is said in this policy that all the public schools will be raised up to the level of private schools. No plan of action have been discussed, yet a notice is issued to private schools to induct government course in 5th and 8th class and these classes will bound to take board exams. This disturbed the students of private sector also.

Theories of coomunications

            The Hypodermic Needle -

The hypodermic needle is a model of communications. The hypodermic needle can also be known as the Magic Bullet or The Transmissions-Belt model. The hypodermic needle suggests that information given from media text passes into the mass consciousness of the viewers which will later lead to vast changes in behavior and personality. Overall this theory influences the actions of a mass audience via media texts that often use propaganda.

"The hypodermic needle theory implied that mass media had a direct, immediate and powerful effect on their audiences."

Uses and Gratifications

The Uses and Gratifications theory is extremely popular way to appeal to mass communication. The method was originated in the 1940s but was only expanded recently in the 1970s by blumler and katz (who also was involved with the two step theory). When they originated this method they claimed that those who use this method would use it for:

Diversion—Escape from routine and problems; an emotional release.

Personal Relationships— Social utility of information in conversation; substitution of media for companionship.

Personal Identity or Individual Psychology— Value reinforcement or reassurance;

self-understanding, reality exploration.

Surveillance—Information about factors, which might affect one or will help one do or accomplish something

This model works on the theory that when an audience actively seeks out media, they are typically seeking it in order to gratify a need. For example, in social situations, people may feel more confident and knowledgeable when they have specific facts and stories from media to add to conversation. By seeking out media, a person fulfils a need to be informed.

   

    

  

Two Step Theory

The Two Step theory was introduced by 3 different people: Paul Lazarsfeld, Bernard Berelson and Hazel Gaudet , the theory was then elaborated by Elihu Katz. This theory was introduced in 1944.

The theory was used for a study focused on the process of decision making during a presidential election campaign.

The two step flow theory makes sure that media moves in two ways. The first is for the individuals who can also known as opinion leaders, who look at mass media in great detail and pay attention to the messages. They can then add their own understanding to the actual media content. Therefore when the opinion leaders pass their pass their own understanding on their opinion will stick with the person it is passed on to. 

Reception Theory.

Reception theory is a version of reader response literary theory that emphasizes the reader's reception of a literary text. The Reception theory can also be known as Audience Reception, it will more likely be referred to Audience Reception when dealing with analysis of communications models. Reception theory originated from Hans-Robert Jauss in the late 1960s and it was very influential during the 1970s and early 1980s in Germany and USA. Overall reception theory is “A basic acceptance of the meaning of a specific text tends to occur when a group of readers have a shared cultural background and interpret the text in similar ways. It is likely that the less shared heritage a reader has with the artist, the less he/she will be able to recognise the artist's intended meaning, and it follows that if two readers have vastly different cultural and personal experiences, their reading of a text will vary greatly.”

how you improve your confidence level

                                                     

                              Confidence Building

Confidence definition

Belief in oneself and one's powers or abilities; self-confidence; self-reliance; assurance:

Example:

• His lack of confidence defeated him.
• Full trust; belief in the powers, trustworthiness, or reliability of a person or thing: 
• We have every confidence in their ability to succeed.

History for confidence 
                      Middle French confidence or directly from Latin confidential, from confident (nominative confides) "firmly trusting, bold.

ways to build self-confidence
When you fail to achieve your objectives, it is easy to believe that you do not have the ability or you are not good enough. However, the difference between success and failure is rarely due to any lasting ability.

1. Present yourself with confidence
If you are lounging around at home with your family or friends, it may be acceptable to dress down and be a little unkempt. These people know who you really are and your appearance is unlikely to have a huge bearing on their thoughts about you.

2. Smile and look people in the eye
It sounds obvious to state that a smile will help you build rapport with others. It also sounds obvious to state that when you smile, you feel happier and more confident. Despite this, so many people do not smile.

3. Give genuine compliments to others
When you take the time to compliment others, it demonstrates that you feel good enough about yourself to give positive feedback to others. Don’t mistake this approach for insincere flattery. The compliments should always be genuine and honest. At first, it may take a little time for you to find the positives in others that you would like to compliment but it becomes easier.

4. Practice appreciation
Sadly, we humans find it incredibly easy to find the negative in our lives. It is not always as easy to identify the positives, though they are there. When you appreciate the positives in your life, you don’t just identify the things that you like; you take a moment to focus on how your life is better because of them.

5. Play to your strengths
We can all do most things but what differs is the standard to which we can perform the task. Throughout your life, you will encounter tasks which you are not best suited to performing. It’s nothing to be embarrassed about; it’s the same for everybody. If you spend a lot of your time performing these tasks, you are likely to struggle and your self-confidence will be impacted.

Confidence different level of age
children
• Do give children choices
• Don't do everything for her.
• Do let him know no one is perfect.
• Don't gush or offer insincere praise
• Do assign age-appropriate household chores
Teenage confidence
• Set him up for success. Every person is good at something
• Check out his friends.
• Improve your own self confidence
• Encourage him to open up. ...
• Give him more responsibility.

Youngster
• self-esteem is how people feel about themselves.
• Understand and grow your talents and skills
• Embrace your individuality, express your personality
• Visualize your dreams
• No matter how small, celebrate your achievements
• Success is a journey; with each positive statement you make about yourself, you are one step closer to your destiny.

  oldmans
“Self-esteem is related to better health, less criminal behavior, lower levels of depression and, overall, greater success in life,” said the study's lead author, Ulrich Orth, PhD Self-esteem was lowest among young adults but increased throughout adulthood, peaking at age 60, before it started to decline

How to improve self confidence?

1:Identify your negative thoughts. 
Your negative thoughts might sound like this: "I can't do that," "I will surely fail", "no one wants to hear what I have to say." This inner voice is pessimistic and unhelpful and will hold you back from achieving high self-esteem and greater self-confidence.

2:Turn your negative thoughts to positive thoughts.
 As you pay attention to your negative thoughts, turn them around to positive thoughts. This may take the form of positive affirmations, [5] such as "I am going to try it," "I can be successful if I work at it," or "people will listen to me." Start with just a few positive thoughts a day.

3:Refuse to allow negative thoughts to occur more often than positive thoughts.
Eventually, your positive thoughts should be given more “brain space” than your negative thoughts. The more you counter your negative self-thinking with positivity, the more natural this will become.

4:Maintain a positive support network.
 Connect with those close to you, whether they are family or friends, to keep your perspective uplifted. Furthermore, stay away from people or things that make you feel bad. 
Someone you call a friend may actually make you feel bad, if they constantly make negative remarks, or criticize you.
Even well-intended family members who weigh in with their opinions about what you “should” be doing can be destructive to your self-confidence.

5:Eliminate reminders of your negativity. 
Avoid spending time around things that can make you feel bad about yourself again. These might be reminders from the past, clothing that no longer fits, or places that don’t fit with your new goals of gaining confidence.
Though you may not be able to get rid of every negative source in your life, you can certainly think about how to cut your losses. This will go a long way in building your self-confidence up.

Confidence building
Builds trust- trust builds commitment which builds a quality product or service
 Constructive feedback, coaching,

 Fear is the main emotion that undermines confidence
1. Celebration of meeting organisational Opportunities to meet new challenges.Investment in learning and development Recognition for achieving personal goals
2. Authority in decision –making and accountability for the those decisions.  People having the knowledge and skills to fulfils their roles

Tools of confidence
Some of tools of confidence are
• Presentation
• Participation
• Public meeting
• Campaign
• processions

Give yourself some space between you and the source of irritation.
 If you are lacking self-confidence, there may be triggers which will make you feel worse. Maybe it’s your nagging mom, or even going on Facebook and seeing all your friends taking fabulous vacations and eating out. You may be able to handle this when you’re feeling good, but if you know it’s something that will make you feel worse, give yourself some space from it.
Stop comparing yourself to other people.

Choose words that represent who you are, carefully.
 I recently read the profile of someone who liked something of mine on Instagram. It read something like, “blogger, cat lover, chronic pain sufferer.” Uh, what? When you use words like that to self-identify, you really become MORE of that thing! I’m not saying you should bullshit yourself and be a Pollyanna, but why…why identify with something so negative? Why not, “blogger, cat lover, strong, kick-ass woman?!” Your words are powerful, to other people and yourself.
Have a sense of humor (but don’t be bullied).

 Consider the source. 
The other day I talked about how a guy yelled that I was ugly at a hockey game. What I didn’t consider, at the time, was the source. Maybe he was bullied in high school? Maybe someone called him ugly or fat? I’m not excusing his behavior, but I can be at least a tiny bit more at peace knowing that the person who said it is very sad and insecure…how else could they be so mean? Another source would be marketers. They make billions of dollars preying upon your insecurities.

main terms of research and examples

                            Research Terms definitions

Elaborate the following terms with suitable example.

• Concept
• Construct
• Variable(independent & dependent)
• Hypothesis
• Research question
• Operationalization

Contents:

Definitions & examples

• concept
• construct
• variable
• Hypothesis
• research question
• Operationalization

Definition of Concept:
Formally and logically developed ideas about classes of phenomena that a researcher seeks to study; the "building blocks" of theory

Example:
Turkish drama and culture issue.

Definition of construct:
A construct is an image or idea specifically invented for a given research and theory building purpose.

Example:
Turkish drama culture effect on Pakistani culture.

Variables:
Ideas that have been logically constructed to establish internal differences that can be empirically observed and measured; the empirical counterparts of concepts.Two

Types of variables

Independent variable:
The thing (phenomenon or event) that is hypothesized to bring about the effect of something else.

Example:
Turkish culture in drama.

Dependent variable:
The thing (phenomenon or event) that the researcher is trying to explain.

Example:
Pakistani culture

Definition of Hypothesis:
A conditional statement that is logically consistent with a theory and can be tested with observations.

Example:
Pakistani culture more influence by Turkish culture.

Definition of Research Question:
A research question is an answerable inquiry into a specific concern or issue. It is the initial step in a research project. The 'initial step' means after you have an idea of what you want to study, the research question is the first active step in the research project.

Example:
DOES Pakistani culture more influence from foreign culture.

Operationalization:
The process of (and decisions involved in) designing a study to measure variables and test hypotheses using empirical observations.

Example:
The Turkish dramas stirred up controversy with their completely adverse culture in Pakistan. Their dresses and their explicit themes are quite contrary to the Pakistani culture (or of what we know of) and many people (while secretly watching all the dubbed episodes) were speaking against the intrusion of such a European and anglicized culture.

top ten education applications

                              

                        Online Education Applications

As more and more people are learning to Internet to supplement their courses and independently further their education, more apps are becoming available for free or low cost to help in a variety of academic  subjects. There’s even tools available to help with everything from writing your papers and planning for projects, to giving you access to instant information in any subject you might be interested in.

Here are just a sample of some of the best apps for online learning; either web, apps from around the web, specifically tailored for the online learners.

IPAD AND IPHONE APPS

Ever-note –

                  This is a great iPhone app for note taking. It’s free, supports text, photo, and voice notes, and it syncs to an online account so your data is securely backed up no matter what happens to your iPhone! It even integrates photo-based search, Twitter, and Geo location. You can access the notes later from your Mac or PC, too.

Wikipedia –

                  Now you can access the world’s most comprehensive online encyclopedia on the go! Obviously it’s not the world’s most reliable research source, but it’s an easy way to get a basic grasp of just about any subject.

Dictionary.com –

                   Easily look up any word for free from your phone. This app also supports mobile access to Thesaurus.com, so you can find exactly the word you’re looking for.

3D Brain –

                 A free app for iPad and iPhone that allows students to actually see the human brain. It even describes what each part does. This is great for a beginning class on any subject related to the brain. 3D brain iPhone app for online learning

History: Maps of the World –

                   A free iPad and iPhone app that includes both contemporary and ancient maps. Great for the history or geography student.

 NASA App –

                This is the official app of the US government space agency, NASA – it includes images and videos of space, a   calendar of NASA missions and a launch schedule. Space fans can also learn about individual satellites. Great for kids, but let’s face it, this one is fun for adults, too.

iTunes U –

               Free podcast lectures from top schools delivered straight to your Apple device. You can even subscribe on your computer through iTunes and sync to your iPod or other MP3 player. These free courses include material from UC Berkeley, MIT and other prestigious universities. Definitely a must-have!

ANDROID APPS

Gdocs –

              An official Google app that allows you to connect to your Google Docs account for easy access on the go. You can use it from your Android device or any computer. There’s even support for multiple accounts (say, a personal and school account), a PDF viewer, document syncing, and more.

ColorDict Universal Dictionary –

                    The great thing about this dictionary is that you can search for words even without being connected to the Internet. You can scan multiple dictionaries at the same time, and there’s even an option to search for idioms – not just individuals words.

DroidScan –

                 Allows you to turn your smartphone into a high-quality document scanner! The app uses perspective correction to convert captured images into high quality scans. This is great if you don’t have the benefit of access to a campus computer lab and don’t have a scanner at home. Why buy yet another piece of equipment when your Droid has the power to scan paperwork for you?

Microsoft Office Mobile –

                Now you can read any document format without having to buy expensive software for your computer, even on the go. This app opens PDFs, Word Documents (yes, even .docx!), PowerPoint presentations.

StudyDroid –

                If you’re trying to memorize facts and figures, this is the perfect app for you – create digital “flash cards” on the go. You’ll never lose them for forget to bring them with you. You can create your own cards, focused on whatever information you need to remember.

Mathdroid –

             This free app turns your Android phone into a scientific calculator. One less machine to worry about carrying around – and more useful and functional than the built-in calculators in most phones.

Periodic Table –

            This app makes studying chemistry or biology easy! Look up information on any element right from your smartphone. Much easier to carry around with you than a printout of the entire periodic table. Periodic Table Android App

Voice Recorder –

               If you hate taking notes by hand, this app is the one for you. You can record audio (and even record based on a timer), title your records, search for recordings by title and date, set recordings as ringtones, play back your recordings, and send them to yourself via Gmail.